The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dysfunction in the brain's dopamine pathways. Factors such as genetics, iron deficiency, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions (e.g., kidney failure) may contribute to the development or worsening of RLS symptoms.
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Criteria: Diagnosis is primarily based on the presence of characteristic symptoms:
- An urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations.
- Symptoms worsen during periods of rest or inactivity, especially in the evening or at night.
- Partial or temporary relief with movement.
- Symptoms are not solely attributable to another medical or behavioral condition.
Uncomfortable sensations in the legs (e.g., crawling, creeping, tingling, pulling, or pain).
Urge or need to move the legs to relieve sensations, which may temporarily alleviate discomfort.
Symptoms typically worsen in the evening or at night, leading to difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Restlessness or involuntary movements of the legs during sleep (periodic limb movements of sleep, PLMS) may also occur in some individuals.
Treatment for RLS aims to alleviate symptoms and improve sleep quality:
Lifestyle Modifications: Regular exercise, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, establishing a regular sleep routine.
Medications: Dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole, ropinirole), alpha-2 delta ligands (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin), or other medications to relieve symptoms and improve sleep.
Iron Supplementation: For individuals with iron deficiency, iron supplements may help alleviate symptoms.
Massage and Stretching: Gentle massage or stretching exercises for the legs may provide temporary relief.
Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or relaxation techniques to manage stress and improve sleep hygiene.